Congenital lactase deficiency also called congenital alactasia is a rare inherited form of lactose intolerance.
It happens when newborns are unable to break down lactose in breast milk or formula. They get severe diarrhea if they aren't given a lactose-free alternative. Congenital lactase deficiency is caused by mutations in the LCT gene that provides instructions for making the lactase enzyme. Lactase Non-Persistence. Lactase non-persistence is a common type of lactose intolerance that some people develop as adults.
Symptoms typically begin 30 minutes to two hours after eating or drinking dairy. Most people with lactase non-persistence keep some level of lactase activity and can continue to include a small amount of lactose in their diets.
This may be in the form of cheese or yogurt since both tend to be tolerated better than fresh milk. Secondary Lactose Intolerance. Secondary lactose intolerance develops when lactase production is reduced because of diseases that can damage the small intestine. These diseases include celiac disease or Crohn's disease as well as other illnesses or injuries that affect the intestinal wall.
The pancreas produces the key digestive enzymes amylase, protease, and lipase. People with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency EPI have a deficiency of these enzymes.
As a result, they are unable to digest food properly, especially fats. The health conditions that affect the pancreas and are associated with EPI are:. People who don't have sufficient amounts of digestive enzymes or who are looking to support healthy digestion should consider supplementing their diet with digestive enzymes.
They can do this by eating healthy foods that contain naturally occurring digestive enzymes. But they can also take nutritional supplements under a healthcare provider's guidance. A variety of foods, especially tropical fruits and fermented vegetables, are naturally high in digestive enzymes that might speed up the digestion of certain nutrients. It's best to eat them raw since heat can lessen or destroy these plant enzymes.
Digestive enzyme supplements can come in:. There are prescription supplements regulated by the FDA as well as over-the-counter supplements. Prescription enzyme supplements are recommended for conditions that affect the functioning of the pancreas, such as chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Brands of prescription pancreatic enzyme supplements pancrelipase include Creon, Pancreaze, Zenpep, Ultresa, Viokace, and Pertzye.
Over-the-counter enzyme supplements are not regulated by the FDA. There haven't been enough high-quality studies on them, so it's hard to know how effective they are.
The following are some of the supplemental enzymes that don't require a prescription:. As with any supplement, check with your healthcare provider before taking an over-the-counter digestive enzyme to make sure it's safe for you.
They're secreted by the salivary glands and cells lining the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Sometimes people have a digestive enzyme deficiency. These deficiencies are connected to various health conditions. Many of these health conditions are related to the pancreas.
Before you decide to take an enzyme supplement, get your healthcare provider's advice. They can help you determine if it's safe for you. If you have pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis, or another disease of the pancreas, you may need to take prescription digestive enzymes.
Those who are lactose intolerant can take OTC supplements. Researchers are exploring whether digestive enzymes may also help those with celiac disease. Follow your healthcare provider's prescription or the OTC instructions. One of the most challenging aspects of having IBS is trying to figure out what's safe to eat. Our recipe guide makes it easier. Sign up and get yours now!
Salivary amylase: digestion and metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Genetics Home Reference. Lactose intolerance. Updated June 9, Research applications of proteolytic enzymes in molecular biology. LCT gene. Our teeth break food down into small pieces when we chew. This is only a start to the process of digestion, as chewed pieces of food are still too large to be absorbed by the body.
Food has to be broken down chemically into really small particles before it can be absorbed. Enzymes are the biological catalysts needed to make this happen quickly enough to be useful. Enzymes are not living things. They are just special proteins that can break large molecules into small molecules. Different types of enzymes can break down different nutrients:. Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth , stomach and small intestine. Carbohydrase enzymes break down starch into sugars.
Vitamins can be either water-soluble or lipid-soluble. Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the same manner as lipids. It is important to consume some amount of dietary lipid to aid the absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine. This website has an overview of the digestion of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Which of the following statements about digestive processes is true?
The final step in digestion is the elimination of undigested food content and waste products. The undigested food material enters the colon, where most of the water is reabsorbed. The semi-solid waste is moved through the colon by peristaltic movements of the muscle and is stored in the rectum. As the rectum expands in response to storage of fecal matter, it triggers the neural signals required to set up the urge to eliminate.
The solid waste is eliminated through the anus using peristaltic movements of the rectum. Diarrhea and constipation are some of the most common health concerns that affect digestion. Constipation is a condition where the feces are hardened because of excess water removal in the colon. In contrast, if enough water is not removed from the feces, it results in diarrhea.
Many bacteria, including the ones that cause cholera, affect the proteins involved in water reabsorption in the colon and result in excessive diarrhea. Emesis, or vomiting, is elimination of food by forceful expulsion through the mouth. It is often in response to an irritant that affects the digestive tract, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, emotions, sights, and food poisoning.
This forceful expulsion of the food is due to the strong contractions produced by the stomach muscles. The process of emesis is regulated by the medulla. Animal diet should be balanced and meet the needs of the body.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary components of food. Some essential nutrients are required for cellular function but cannot be produced by the animal body. These include vitamins, minerals, some fatty acids, and some amino acids.
Food intake in more than necessary amounts is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells, and in fat cells. Excess adipose storage can lead to obesity and serious health problems.
ATP is the energy currency of the cell and is obtained from the metabolic pathways. Excess carbohydrates and energy are stored as glycogen in the body. Skip to content Chapter Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the process of digestion Detail the steps involved in digestion and absorption Define elimination Explain the role of both the small and large intestines in absorption.
Digestion and Absorption. Table Aminopeptidase Dipeptidase. Concept in Action. Figure Mechanical and chemical digestion of food takes place in many steps, beginning in the mouth and ending in the rectum.
Amylase, maltase, and lactase in the mouth digest carbohydrates.
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